How Air Conditioning Works—And Its Impact on the Planet

As heatwaves become more intense, air conditioning (AC) has gone from a luxury to a necessity. But while it keeps us cool, it also strains energy grids and contributes to climate change. Here’s how AC functions—and its environmental cost.

How Does AC Work?

AC units cool indoor air by transferring heat outside using a chemical refrigerant. Warm air from a room passes over cold evaporator coils, where the refrigerant absorbs heat and turns into a gas. The cooled air is blown back inside, while the heated refrigerant is pumped outdoors, releases its heat, and cycles back to repeat the process.

A Brief History of Cooling

• 1820s: Michael Faraday discovered compressing ammonia could chill air.

• 1902: Willis Carrier built the first modern AC to control humidity in a printing press.

• 1930s–50s: Window units and safer refrigerants (like Freon) made AC accessible.

• Today: Inverter tech and ductless mini-splits improve efficiency.

The Environmental Toll

Traditional refrigerants, like CFCs and HFCs, damage the ozone layer or trap heat in the atmosphere. AC also guzzles electricity—often from fossil fuels—worsening emissions.

How to Stay Cool Responsibly

• Set thermostats 1–2°C higher to cut energy use.

• Maintain filters and seal leaks in ducts.

• Use fans + AC to circulate air efficiently.

• Support policies phasing out HFCs (like the Kigali Amendment).

As temperatures rise, balancing comfort and sustainability will be key. Smarter tech and greener habits can help cool homes without overheating the planet.

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